The mineral processing is composed of two most important parts, which are mineral liberation and mineral concentration. The object of mineral concentration is to collect products with value. However, most mineral processing techniques fail in the ultra-fine size range, which is about 10μm. Usually, gravity concentration techniques is very inefficient and even the most important concentrating technique flotation, which is applied in gold and copper ores processing, isn’t good enough.

In addition, recovery refers to the amount of metal recovered in the concentrates. The ratio of concentration is closely related to the grade or assay of the concentrate or the end product. The operation of mineral concentration is to maintain high grade ores, and lower the ratio of valuable ores in tailings.